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In this paper, we present a measurement-driven exploration of these two innovations, using a popular DW microblogging platform (Mastodon) as a case study.
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Although their services differ greatly, modern DW platforms mostly rely on two key innovations: first, their open source software allows anybody to setup independent servers ("instances") that people can sign-up to and use within a local community and second, they build on top of federation protocols so that instances can mesh together, in a peer-to-peer fashion, to offer a globally integrated platform. These offer alternatives to traditional social networks like Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook, by enabling the operation of web infrastructure and services without centralised ownership or control. The Decentralised Web (DW) has recently seen a renewed momentum, with a number of DW platforms like Mastodon, PeerTube, and Hubzilla gaining increasing traction. Finally, a financial and scalability evaluation of the proposed framework is presented. A combination of the Bitcoin lightning network for cryptocurrency incentives with the BitTorrent delivery network is used to present a prototype of the proposed framework.
Thus, compared to the previous solutions, the proposed framework can scale better without any overhead and with reduced costs. The permissionless nature of the framework enables the proposal to scale as it incentivizes the participation of individual distributors.
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The pay-per-piece protocol is a form of a gradual release of a commodity like a patch update, where the commodity can be divided into small pieces and exchanged between the sender and the receiver building trust at each step as the transactions progress into rounds. The pay-per-piece payments protocol addresses the problem of misbehavior between IoT devices and distributors as either of them may try to take advantage of the other.
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The nodes, called distributors, interested in delivering the patch update, compete among each other to exchange a piece of patch update with cryptocurrency payment. A manufacturer/owner named vendor of the IoT device commits a bid on the blockchain, which can be publicly verified by the members of the network. In contrast, the proposed protocol incentivizes peers to distribute patch updates, which might be relevant only to IoT devices, using a blockchain-based lightning network. Distributed file-sharing solutions currently available in the literature are limited to sharing popular files among peers. The peer-to-peer delivery network reduces load by delegating the patch distribution to the nodes of the network, thereby protecting against a single point of failure and reducing costs. The framework facilitates distribution via peer-to-peer delivery networks and incentivizes the distribution operation. P 4 UIoT-pay-per-piece patch update delivery for IoT using gradual release-introduces a distributed framework for delivering patch updates to IoT devices. Although few works have addressed this kind of swarm, these by far represent the most common type of swarm in BT. The heterogeneous download rates are more prevalent in unpopular swarms (very few peers). In addition, we apply the model to calculate lower and upper bounds to the number of departures that occur in a burst. We also develop a mathematical model that accurately predicts the heterogeneous download rates of the homogeneous peers as a function of their content. Detailed packet-level simulations and prototype-based experiments on the Internet were performed to characterize this phenomenon.
This behavior has direct impact on peer and system performance, such as high variability of download times, unfairness with respect to peer arrival order, bursty departures and content synchronization. In this paper we identify and characterize a phenomenon that has not been previously observed: homogeneous peers (with respect to their upload capacities) experience heterogeneous download times. Over the years, different models have uncovered various phenomena exhibited by the system, many of which have direct impact on its performance. Modeling and understanding BitTorrent (BT) dynamics is a recurrent research topic mainly due to its high complexity and tremendous practical efficiency.
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